server: introduce SessionContext to encapsulate NewControl parameters

Replace 10 positional parameters in NewControl() with a single
SessionContext struct, matching the client-side pattern. This also
eliminates the post-construction mutation of clientRegistry and
removes two TODO comments.

.golangci.yml

@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ linters:
   - lll
   - makezero
   - misspell
-  - modernize
   - prealloc
   - predeclared
   - revive
@@ -48,9 +47,6 @@ linters:
       ignore-rules:
       - cancelled
       - marshalled
-    modernize:
-      disable:
-      - omitzero
     unparam:
       check-exported: false
   exclusions:

client/proxy/sudp.go

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 func init() {
-	RegisterProxyFactory(reflect.TypeFor[*v1.SUDPProxyConfig](), NewSUDPProxy)
+	RegisterProxyFactory(reflect.TypeOf(&v1.SUDPProxyConfig{}), NewSUDPProxy)
 }
 
 type SUDPProxy struct {

client/proxy/udp.go

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 func init() {
-	RegisterProxyFactory(reflect.TypeFor[*v1.UDPProxyConfig](), NewUDPProxy)
+	RegisterProxyFactory(reflect.TypeOf(&v1.UDPProxyConfig{}), NewUDPProxy)
 }
 
 type UDPProxy struct {

client/proxy/xtcp.go

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 func init() {
-	RegisterProxyFactory(reflect.TypeFor[*v1.XTCPProxyConfig](), NewXTCPProxy)
+	RegisterProxyFactory(reflect.TypeOf(&v1.XTCPProxyConfig{}), NewXTCPProxy)
 }
 
 type XTCPProxy struct {

client/visitor/stcp.go

@@ -15,12 +15,18 @@
 package visitor
 
 import (
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
 	"net"
 	"strconv"
+	"time"
 
 	libio "github.com/fatedier/golib/io"
 
 	v1 "github.com/fatedier/frp/pkg/config/v1"
+	"github.com/fatedier/frp/pkg/msg"
+	"github.com/fatedier/frp/pkg/naming"
+	"github.com/fatedier/frp/pkg/util/util"
 	"github.com/fatedier/frp/pkg/util/xlog"
 )
 
@@ -55,6 +61,7 @@ func (sv *STCPVisitor) handleConn(userConn net.Conn) {
 	xl := xlog.FromContextSafe(sv.ctx)
 	var tunnelErr error
 	defer func() {
+		// If there was an error and connection supports CloseWithError, use it
 		if tunnelErr != nil {
 			if eConn, ok := userConn.(interface{ CloseWithError(error) error }); ok {
 				_ = eConn.CloseWithError(tunnelErr)
@@ -65,21 +72,62 @@ func (sv *STCPVisitor) handleConn(userConn net.Conn) {
 	}()
 
 	xl.Debugf("get a new stcp user connection")
-	visitorConn, err := sv.dialRawVisitorConn(sv.cfg.GetBaseConfig())
+	visitorConn, err := sv.helper.ConnectServer()
 	if err != nil {
-		xl.Warnf("dialRawVisitorConn error: %v", err)
 		tunnelErr = err
 		return
 	}
 	defer visitorConn.Close()
 
-	remote, recycleFn, err := wrapVisitorConn(visitorConn, sv.cfg.GetBaseConfig())
+	now := time.Now().Unix()
+	targetProxyName := naming.BuildTargetServerProxyName(sv.clientCfg.User, sv.cfg.ServerUser, sv.cfg.ServerName)
+	newVisitorConnMsg := &msg.NewVisitorConn{
+		RunID:          sv.helper.RunID(),
+		ProxyName:      targetProxyName,
+		SignKey:        util.GetAuthKey(sv.cfg.SecretKey, now),
+		Timestamp:      now,
+		UseEncryption:  sv.cfg.Transport.UseEncryption,
+		UseCompression: sv.cfg.Transport.UseCompression,
+	}
+	err = msg.WriteMsg(visitorConn, newVisitorConnMsg)
 	if err != nil {
-		xl.Warnf("wrapVisitorConn error: %v", err)
+		xl.Warnf("send newVisitorConnMsg to server error: %v", err)
 		tunnelErr = err
 		return
 	}
-	defer recycleFn()
+
+	var newVisitorConnRespMsg msg.NewVisitorConnResp
+	_ = visitorConn.SetReadDeadline(time.Now().Add(10 * time.Second))
+	err = msg.ReadMsgInto(visitorConn, &newVisitorConnRespMsg)
+	if err != nil {
+		xl.Warnf("get newVisitorConnRespMsg error: %v", err)
+		tunnelErr = err
+		return
+	}
+	_ = visitorConn.SetReadDeadline(time.Time{})
+
+	if newVisitorConnRespMsg.Error != "" {
+		xl.Warnf("start new visitor connection error: %s", newVisitorConnRespMsg.Error)
+		tunnelErr = fmt.Errorf("%s", newVisitorConnRespMsg.Error)
+		return
+	}
+
+	var remote io.ReadWriteCloser
+	remote = visitorConn
+	if sv.cfg.Transport.UseEncryption {
+		remote, err = libio.WithEncryption(remote, []byte(sv.cfg.SecretKey))
+		if err != nil {
+			xl.Errorf("create encryption stream error: %v", err)
+			tunnelErr = err
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
+	if sv.cfg.Transport.UseCompression {
+		var recycleFn func()
+		remote, recycleFn = libio.WithCompressionFromPool(remote)
+		defer recycleFn()
+	}
 
 	libio.Join(userConn, remote)
 }

client/visitor/sudp.go

@@ -16,17 +16,21 @@ package visitor
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"io"
 	"net"
 	"strconv"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/fatedier/golib/errors"
+	libio "github.com/fatedier/golib/io"
 
 	v1 "github.com/fatedier/frp/pkg/config/v1"
 	"github.com/fatedier/frp/pkg/msg"
+	"github.com/fatedier/frp/pkg/naming"
 	"github.com/fatedier/frp/pkg/proto/udp"
 	netpkg "github.com/fatedier/frp/pkg/util/net"
+	"github.com/fatedier/frp/pkg/util/util"
 	"github.com/fatedier/frp/pkg/util/xlog"
 )
 
@@ -72,7 +76,6 @@ func (sv *SUDPVisitor) dispatcher() {
 
 	var (
 		visitorConn net.Conn
-		recycleFn   func()
 		err         error
 
 		firstPacket *msg.UDPPacket
@@ -90,17 +93,14 @@ func (sv *SUDPVisitor) dispatcher() {
 			return
 		}
 
-		visitorConn, recycleFn, err = sv.getNewVisitorConn()
+		visitorConn, err = sv.getNewVisitorConn()
 		if err != nil {
 			xl.Warnf("newVisitorConn to frps error: %v, try to reconnect", err)
 			continue
 		}
 
 		// visitorConn always be closed when worker done.
-		func() {
+		sv.worker(visitorConn, firstPacket)
-			defer recycleFn()
-			sv.worker(visitorConn, firstPacket)
-		}()
 
 		select {
 		case <-sv.checkCloseCh:
@@ -198,17 +198,57 @@ func (sv *SUDPVisitor) worker(workConn net.Conn, firstPacket *msg.UDPPacket) {
 	xl.Infof("sudp worker is closed")
 }
 
-func (sv *SUDPVisitor) getNewVisitorConn() (net.Conn, func(), error) {
+func (sv *SUDPVisitor) getNewVisitorConn() (net.Conn, error) {
-	rawConn, err := sv.dialRawVisitorConn(sv.cfg.GetBaseConfig())
+	xl := xlog.FromContextSafe(sv.ctx)
+	visitorConn, err := sv.helper.ConnectServer()
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, func() {}, err
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("frpc connect frps error: %v", err)
 	}
-	rwc, recycleFn, err := wrapVisitorConn(rawConn, sv.cfg.GetBaseConfig())
+
+	now := time.Now().Unix()
+	targetProxyName := naming.BuildTargetServerProxyName(sv.clientCfg.User, sv.cfg.ServerUser, sv.cfg.ServerName)
+	newVisitorConnMsg := &msg.NewVisitorConn{
+		RunID:          sv.helper.RunID(),
+		ProxyName:      targetProxyName,
+		SignKey:        util.GetAuthKey(sv.cfg.SecretKey, now),
+		Timestamp:      now,
+		UseEncryption:  sv.cfg.Transport.UseEncryption,
+		UseCompression: sv.cfg.Transport.UseCompression,
+	}
+	err = msg.WriteMsg(visitorConn, newVisitorConnMsg)
 	if err != nil {
-		rawConn.Close()
+		visitorConn.Close()
-		return nil, func() {}, err
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("frpc send newVisitorConnMsg to frps error: %v", err)
 	}
-	return netpkg.WrapReadWriteCloserToConn(rwc, rawConn), recycleFn, nil
+
+	var newVisitorConnRespMsg msg.NewVisitorConnResp
+	_ = visitorConn.SetReadDeadline(time.Now().Add(10 * time.Second))
+	err = msg.ReadMsgInto(visitorConn, &newVisitorConnRespMsg)
+	if err != nil {
+		visitorConn.Close()
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("frpc read newVisitorConnRespMsg error: %v", err)
+	}
+	_ = visitorConn.SetReadDeadline(time.Time{})
+
+	if newVisitorConnRespMsg.Error != "" {
+		visitorConn.Close()
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("start new visitor connection error: %s", newVisitorConnRespMsg.Error)
+	}
+
+	var remote io.ReadWriteCloser
+	remote = visitorConn
+	if sv.cfg.Transport.UseEncryption {
+		remote, err = libio.WithEncryption(remote, []byte(sv.cfg.SecretKey))
+		if err != nil {
+			xl.Errorf("create encryption stream error: %v", err)
+			visitorConn.Close()
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+	if sv.cfg.Transport.UseCompression {
+		remote = libio.WithCompression(remote)
+	}
+	return netpkg.WrapReadWriteCloserToConn(remote, visitorConn), nil
 }
 
 func (sv *SUDPVisitor) Close() {

client/visitor/visitor.go

@@ -16,21 +16,13 @@ package visitor
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"fmt"
-	"io"
 	"net"
 	"sync"
-	"time"
-
-	libio "github.com/fatedier/golib/io"
 
 	v1 "github.com/fatedier/frp/pkg/config/v1"
-	"github.com/fatedier/frp/pkg/msg"
-	"github.com/fatedier/frp/pkg/naming"
 	plugin "github.com/fatedier/frp/pkg/plugin/visitor"
 	"github.com/fatedier/frp/pkg/transport"
 	netpkg "github.com/fatedier/frp/pkg/util/net"
-	"github.com/fatedier/frp/pkg/util/util"
 	"github.com/fatedier/frp/pkg/util/xlog"
 	"github.com/fatedier/frp/pkg/vnet"
 )
@@ -150,57 +142,3 @@ func (v *BaseVisitor) Close() {
 		v.plugin.Close()
 	}
 }
-
-func (v *BaseVisitor) dialRawVisitorConn(cfg *v1.VisitorBaseConfig) (net.Conn, error) {
-	visitorConn, err := v.helper.ConnectServer()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("connect to server error: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	now := time.Now().Unix()
-	targetProxyName := naming.BuildTargetServerProxyName(v.clientCfg.User, cfg.ServerUser, cfg.ServerName)
-	newVisitorConnMsg := &msg.NewVisitorConn{
-		RunID:          v.helper.RunID(),
-		ProxyName:      targetProxyName,
-		SignKey:        util.GetAuthKey(cfg.SecretKey, now),
-		Timestamp:      now,
-		UseEncryption:  cfg.Transport.UseEncryption,
-		UseCompression: cfg.Transport.UseCompression,
-	}
-	err = msg.WriteMsg(visitorConn, newVisitorConnMsg)
-	if err != nil {
-		visitorConn.Close()
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("send newVisitorConnMsg to server error: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	var newVisitorConnRespMsg msg.NewVisitorConnResp
-	_ = visitorConn.SetReadDeadline(time.Now().Add(10 * time.Second))
-	err = msg.ReadMsgInto(visitorConn, &newVisitorConnRespMsg)
-	if err != nil {
-		visitorConn.Close()
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("read newVisitorConnRespMsg error: %v", err)
-	}
-	_ = visitorConn.SetReadDeadline(time.Time{})
-
-	if newVisitorConnRespMsg.Error != "" {
-		visitorConn.Close()
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("start new visitor connection error: %s", newVisitorConnRespMsg.Error)
-	}
-	return visitorConn, nil
-}
-
-func wrapVisitorConn(conn io.ReadWriteCloser, cfg *v1.VisitorBaseConfig) (io.ReadWriteCloser, func(), error) {
-	rwc := conn
-	if cfg.Transport.UseEncryption {
-		var err error
-		rwc, err = libio.WithEncryption(rwc, []byte(cfg.SecretKey))
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, func() {}, fmt.Errorf("create encryption stream error: %v", err)
-		}
-	}
-	recycleFn := func() {}
-	if cfg.Transport.UseCompression {
-		rwc, recycleFn = libio.WithCompressionFromPool(rwc)
-	}
-	return rwc, recycleFn, nil
-}

client/visitor/xtcp.go

@@ -182,14 +182,21 @@ func (sv *XTCPVisitor) handleConn(userConn net.Conn) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	muxConnRWCloser, recycleFn, err := wrapVisitorConn(tunnelConn, sv.cfg.GetBaseConfig())
+	var muxConnRWCloser io.ReadWriteCloser = tunnelConn
-	if err != nil {
+	if sv.cfg.Transport.UseEncryption {
-		xl.Errorf("%v", err)
+		muxConnRWCloser, err = libio.WithEncryption(muxConnRWCloser, []byte(sv.cfg.SecretKey))
-		tunnelConn.Close()
+		if err != nil {
-		tunnelErr = err
+			xl.Errorf("create encryption stream error: %v", err)
-		return
+			tunnelConn.Close()
+			tunnelErr = err
+			return
+		}
+	}
+	if sv.cfg.Transport.UseCompression {
+		var recycleFn func()
+		muxConnRWCloser, recycleFn = libio.WithCompressionFromPool(muxConnRWCloser)
+		defer recycleFn()
 	}
-	defer recycleFn()
 
 	_, _, errs := libio.Join(userConn, muxConnRWCloser)
 	xl.Debugf("join connections closed")

cmd/frpc/sub/nathole.go

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ var natholeDiscoveryCmd = &cobra.Command{
 	Use:   "discover",
 	Short: "Discover nathole information from stun server",
 	RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-		// ignore error here, because we can use command line parameters
+		// ignore error here, because we can use command line pameters
 		cfg, _, _, _, err := config.LoadClientConfig(cfgFile, strictConfigMode)
 		if err != nil {
 			cfg = &v1.ClientCommonConfig{}

pkg/config/legacy/proxy.go

@@ -39,14 +39,14 @@ const (
 // Proxy
 var (
 	proxyConfTypeMap = map[ProxyType]reflect.Type{
-		ProxyTypeTCP:    reflect.TypeFor[TCPProxyConf](),
+		ProxyTypeTCP:    reflect.TypeOf(TCPProxyConf{}),
-		ProxyTypeUDP:    reflect.TypeFor[UDPProxyConf](),
+		ProxyTypeUDP:    reflect.TypeOf(UDPProxyConf{}),
-		ProxyTypeTCPMUX: reflect.TypeFor[TCPMuxProxyConf](),
+		ProxyTypeTCPMUX: reflect.TypeOf(TCPMuxProxyConf{}),
-		ProxyTypeHTTP:   reflect.TypeFor[HTTPProxyConf](),
+		ProxyTypeHTTP:   reflect.TypeOf(HTTPProxyConf{}),
-		ProxyTypeHTTPS:  reflect.TypeFor[HTTPSProxyConf](),
+		ProxyTypeHTTPS:  reflect.TypeOf(HTTPSProxyConf{}),
-		ProxyTypeSTCP:   reflect.TypeFor[STCPProxyConf](),
+		ProxyTypeSTCP:   reflect.TypeOf(STCPProxyConf{}),
-		ProxyTypeXTCP:   reflect.TypeFor[XTCPProxyConf](),
+		ProxyTypeXTCP:   reflect.TypeOf(XTCPProxyConf{}),
-		ProxyTypeSUDP:   reflect.TypeFor[SUDPProxyConf](),
+		ProxyTypeSUDP:   reflect.TypeOf(SUDPProxyConf{}),
 	}
 )
 

pkg/config/legacy/visitor.go

@@ -32,9 +32,9 @@ const (
 // Visitor
 var (
 	visitorConfTypeMap = map[VisitorType]reflect.Type{
-		VisitorTypeSTCP: reflect.TypeFor[STCPVisitorConf](),
+		VisitorTypeSTCP: reflect.TypeOf(STCPVisitorConf{}),
-		VisitorTypeXTCP: reflect.TypeFor[XTCPVisitorConf](),
+		VisitorTypeXTCP: reflect.TypeOf(XTCPVisitorConf{}),
-		VisitorTypeSUDP: reflect.TypeFor[SUDPVisitorConf](),
+		VisitorTypeSUDP: reflect.TypeOf(SUDPVisitorConf{}),
 	}
 )
 

pkg/config/template.go

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ func parseNumberRangePair(firstRangeStr, secondRangeStr string) ([]NumberPair, e
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("first and second range numbers are not in pairs")
 	}
 	pairs := make([]NumberPair, 0, len(firstRangeNumbers))
-	for i := range firstRangeNumbers {
+	for i := 0; i < len(firstRangeNumbers); i++ {
 		pairs = append(pairs, NumberPair{
 			First:  firstRangeNumbers[i],
 			Second: secondRangeNumbers[i],

pkg/config/types/types.go

@@ -137,8 +137,8 @@ func (p PortsRangeSlice) String() string {
 func NewPortsRangeSliceFromString(str string) ([]PortsRange, error) {
 	str = strings.TrimSpace(str)
 	out := []PortsRange{}
-	numRanges := strings.SplitSeq(str, ",")
+	numRanges := strings.Split(str, ",")
-	for numRangeStr := range numRanges {
+	for _, numRangeStr := range numRanges {
 		// 1000-2000 or 2001
 		numArray := strings.Split(numRangeStr, "-")
 		// length: only 1 or 2 is correct

pkg/config/v1/proxy.go

@@ -239,14 +239,14 @@ const (
 )
 
 var proxyConfigTypeMap = map[ProxyType]reflect.Type{
-	ProxyTypeTCP:    reflect.TypeFor[TCPProxyConfig](),
+	ProxyTypeTCP:    reflect.TypeOf(TCPProxyConfig{}),
-	ProxyTypeUDP:    reflect.TypeFor[UDPProxyConfig](),
+	ProxyTypeUDP:    reflect.TypeOf(UDPProxyConfig{}),
-	ProxyTypeHTTP:   reflect.TypeFor[HTTPProxyConfig](),
+	ProxyTypeHTTP:   reflect.TypeOf(HTTPProxyConfig{}),
-	ProxyTypeHTTPS:  reflect.TypeFor[HTTPSProxyConfig](),
+	ProxyTypeHTTPS:  reflect.TypeOf(HTTPSProxyConfig{}),
-	ProxyTypeTCPMUX: reflect.TypeFor[TCPMuxProxyConfig](),
+	ProxyTypeTCPMUX: reflect.TypeOf(TCPMuxProxyConfig{}),
-	ProxyTypeSTCP:   reflect.TypeFor[STCPProxyConfig](),
+	ProxyTypeSTCP:   reflect.TypeOf(STCPProxyConfig{}),
-	ProxyTypeXTCP:   reflect.TypeFor[XTCPProxyConfig](),
+	ProxyTypeXTCP:   reflect.TypeOf(XTCPProxyConfig{}),
-	ProxyTypeSUDP:   reflect.TypeFor[SUDPProxyConfig](),
+	ProxyTypeSUDP:   reflect.TypeOf(SUDPProxyConfig{}),
 }
 
 func NewProxyConfigurerByType(proxyType ProxyType) ProxyConfigurer {

pkg/config/v1/proxy_plugin.go

@@ -37,16 +37,16 @@ const (
 )
 
 var clientPluginOptionsTypeMap = map[string]reflect.Type{
-	PluginHTTP2HTTPS:       reflect.TypeFor[HTTP2HTTPSPluginOptions](),
+	PluginHTTP2HTTPS:       reflect.TypeOf(HTTP2HTTPSPluginOptions{}),
-	PluginHTTPProxy:        reflect.TypeFor[HTTPProxyPluginOptions](),
+	PluginHTTPProxy:        reflect.TypeOf(HTTPProxyPluginOptions{}),
-	PluginHTTPS2HTTP:       reflect.TypeFor[HTTPS2HTTPPluginOptions](),
+	PluginHTTPS2HTTP:       reflect.TypeOf(HTTPS2HTTPPluginOptions{}),
-	PluginHTTPS2HTTPS:      reflect.TypeFor[HTTPS2HTTPSPluginOptions](),
+	PluginHTTPS2HTTPS:      reflect.TypeOf(HTTPS2HTTPSPluginOptions{}),
-	PluginHTTP2HTTP:        reflect.TypeFor[HTTP2HTTPPluginOptions](),
+	PluginHTTP2HTTP:        reflect.TypeOf(HTTP2HTTPPluginOptions{}),
-	PluginSocks5:           reflect.TypeFor[Socks5PluginOptions](),
+	PluginSocks5:           reflect.TypeOf(Socks5PluginOptions{}),
-	PluginStaticFile:       reflect.TypeFor[StaticFilePluginOptions](),
+	PluginStaticFile:       reflect.TypeOf(StaticFilePluginOptions{}),
-	PluginUnixDomainSocket: reflect.TypeFor[UnixDomainSocketPluginOptions](),
+	PluginUnixDomainSocket: reflect.TypeOf(UnixDomainSocketPluginOptions{}),
-	PluginTLS2Raw:          reflect.TypeFor[TLS2RawPluginOptions](),
+	PluginTLS2Raw:          reflect.TypeOf(TLS2RawPluginOptions{}),
-	PluginVirtualNet:       reflect.TypeFor[VirtualNetPluginOptions](),
+	PluginVirtualNet:       reflect.TypeOf(VirtualNetPluginOptions{}),
 }
 
 type ClientPluginOptions interface {

pkg/config/v1/visitor.go

@@ -79,9 +79,9 @@ const (
 )
 
 var visitorConfigTypeMap = map[VisitorType]reflect.Type{
-	VisitorTypeSTCP: reflect.TypeFor[STCPVisitorConfig](),
+	VisitorTypeSTCP: reflect.TypeOf(STCPVisitorConfig{}),
-	VisitorTypeXTCP: reflect.TypeFor[XTCPVisitorConfig](),
+	VisitorTypeXTCP: reflect.TypeOf(XTCPVisitorConfig{}),
-	VisitorTypeSUDP: reflect.TypeFor[SUDPVisitorConfig](),
+	VisitorTypeSUDP: reflect.TypeOf(SUDPVisitorConfig{}),
 }
 
 type TypedVisitorConfig struct {

pkg/config/v1/visitor_plugin.go

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ const (
 )
 
 var visitorPluginOptionsTypeMap = map[string]reflect.Type{
-	VisitorPluginVirtualNet: reflect.TypeFor[VirtualNetVisitorPluginOptions](),
+	VisitorPluginVirtualNet: reflect.TypeOf(VirtualNetVisitorPluginOptions{}),
 }
 
 type VisitorPluginOptions interface {

pkg/msg/msg.go

@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ var msgTypeMap = map[byte]any{
 	TypeNatHoleReport:      NatHoleReport{},
 }
 
-var TypeNameNatHoleResp = reflect.TypeFor[NatHoleResp]().Name()
+var TypeNameNatHoleResp = reflect.TypeOf(&NatHoleResp{}).Elem().Name()
 
 type ClientSpec struct {
 	// Due to the support of VirtualClient, frps needs to know the client type in order to

pkg/nathole/analysis.go

@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ func getBehaviorScoresByMode(mode int, defaultScore int) []*BehaviorScore {
 func getBehaviorScoresByMode2(mode int, senderScore, receiverScore int) []*BehaviorScore {
 	behaviors := getBehaviorByMode(mode)
 	scores := make([]*BehaviorScore, 0, len(behaviors))
-	for i := range behaviors {
+	for i := 0; i < len(behaviors); i++ {
 		score := receiverScore
 		if behaviors[i].A.Role == DetectRoleSender {
 			score = senderScore

pkg/nathole/nathole.go

@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@ func sendSidMessageToRandomPorts(
 	xl := xlog.FromContextSafe(ctx)
 	used := sets.New[int]()
 	getUnusedPort := func() int {
-		for range 10 {
+		for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
 			port := rand.IntN(65535-1024) + 1024
 			if !used.Has(port) {
 				used.Insert(port)
@@ -420,7 +420,7 @@ func sendSidMessageToRandomPorts(
 		return 0
 	}
 
-	for range count {
+	for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
 		select {
 		case <-ctx.Done():
 			return

pkg/plugin/visitor/virtual_net.go

@@ -153,7 +153,10 @@ func (p *VirtualNetPlugin) run() {
 
 				// Exponential backoff: 60s, 120s, 240s, 300s (capped)
 				baseDelay := 60 * time.Second
-				reconnectDelay = min(baseDelay*time.Duration(1<<uint(p.consecutiveErrors-1)), 300*time.Second)
+				reconnectDelay = baseDelay * time.Duration(1<<uint(p.consecutiveErrors-1))
+				if reconnectDelay > 300*time.Second {
+					reconnectDelay = 300 * time.Second
+				}
 			} else {
 				// Reset consecutive errors on successful connection
 				if p.consecutiveErrors > 0 {

pkg/policy/featuregate/feature_gate.go

@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ package featuregate
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"maps"
 	"sort"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
@@ -94,7 +93,9 @@ type featureGate struct {
 // NewFeatureGate creates a new feature gate with the default features
 func NewFeatureGate() MutableFeatureGate {
 	known := map[Feature]FeatureSpec{}
-	maps.Copy(known, defaultFeatures)
+	for k, v := range defaultFeatures {
+		known[k] = v
+	}
 
 	f := &featureGate{}
 	f.known.Store(known)
@@ -109,9 +110,13 @@ func (f *featureGate) SetFromMap(m map[string]bool) error {
 
 	// Copy existing state
 	known := map[Feature]FeatureSpec{}
-	maps.Copy(known, f.known.Load().(map[Feature]FeatureSpec))
+	for k, v := range f.known.Load().(map[Feature]FeatureSpec) {
+		known[k] = v
+	}
 	enabled := map[Feature]bool{}
-	maps.Copy(enabled, f.enabled.Load().(map[Feature]bool))
+	for k, v := range f.enabled.Load().(map[Feature]bool) {
+		enabled[k] = v
+	}
 
 	// Apply the new settings
 	for k, v := range m {
@@ -143,7 +148,9 @@ func (f *featureGate) Add(features map[Feature]FeatureSpec) error {
 
 	// Copy existing state
 	known := map[Feature]FeatureSpec{}
-	maps.Copy(known, f.known.Load().(map[Feature]FeatureSpec))
+	for k, v := range f.known.Load().(map[Feature]FeatureSpec) {
+		known[k] = v
+	}
 
 	// Add new features
 	for name, spec := range features {

pkg/util/http/http.go

@@ -89,11 +89,11 @@ func ParseBasicAuth(auth string) (username, password string, ok bool) {
 		return
 	}
 	cs := string(c)
-	before, after, found := strings.Cut(cs, ":")
+	s := strings.IndexByte(cs, ':')
-	if !found {
+	if s < 0 {
 		return
 	}
-	return before, after, true
+	return cs[:s], cs[s+1:], true
 }
 
 func BasicAuth(username, passwd string) string {

pkg/util/net/udp.go

@@ -86,7 +86,11 @@ func (c *FakeUDPConn) Read(b []byte) (n int, err error) {
 	c.lastActive = time.Now()
 	c.mu.Unlock()
 
-	n = min(len(b), len(content))
+	if len(b) < len(content) {
+		n = len(b)
+	} else {
+		n = len(content)
+	}
 	copy(b, content)
 	return n, nil
 }

pkg/util/util/util.go

@@ -68,8 +68,8 @@ func ParseRangeNumbers(rangeStr string) (numbers []int64, err error) {
 	rangeStr = strings.TrimSpace(rangeStr)
 	numbers = make([]int64, 0)
 	// e.g. 1000-2000,2001,2002,3000-4000
-	numRanges := strings.SplitSeq(rangeStr, ",")
+	numRanges := strings.Split(rangeStr, ",")
-	for numRangeStr := range numRanges {
+	for _, numRangeStr := range numRanges {
 		// 1000-2000 or 2001
 		numArray := strings.Split(numRangeStr, "-")
 		// length: only 1 or 2 is correct

server/control.go

@@ -158,7 +158,10 @@ type Control struct {
 }
 
 func NewControl(ctx context.Context, sessionCtx *SessionContext) (*Control, error) {
-	poolCount := min(sessionCtx.LoginMsg.PoolCount, int(sessionCtx.ServerCfg.Transport.MaxPoolCount))
+	poolCount := sessionCtx.LoginMsg.PoolCount
+	if poolCount > int(sessionCtx.ServerCfg.Transport.MaxPoolCount) {
+		poolCount = int(sessionCtx.ServerCfg.Transport.MaxPoolCount)
+	}
 	ctl := &Control{
 		sessionCtx:   sessionCtx,
 		workConnCh:   make(chan net.Conn, poolCount+10),
@@ -303,30 +306,6 @@ func (ctl *Control) WaitClosed() {
 	<-ctl.doneCh
 }
 
-func (ctl *Control) loginUserInfo() plugin.UserInfo {
-	return plugin.UserInfo{
-		User:  ctl.sessionCtx.LoginMsg.User,
-		Metas: ctl.sessionCtx.LoginMsg.Metas,
-		RunID: ctl.sessionCtx.LoginMsg.RunID,
-	}
-}
-
-func (ctl *Control) closeProxy(pxy proxy.Proxy) {
-	pxy.Close()
-	ctl.sessionCtx.PxyManager.Del(pxy.GetName())
-	metrics.Server.CloseProxy(pxy.GetName(), pxy.GetConfigurer().GetBaseConfig().Type)
-
-	notifyContent := &plugin.CloseProxyContent{
-		User: ctl.loginUserInfo(),
-		CloseProxy: msg.CloseProxy{
-			ProxyName: pxy.GetName(),
-		},
-	}
-	go func() {
-		_ = ctl.sessionCtx.PluginManager.CloseProxy(notifyContent)
-	}()
-}
-
 func (ctl *Control) worker() {
 	xl := ctl.xl
 
@@ -337,16 +316,31 @@ func (ctl *Control) worker() {
 	ctl.sessionCtx.Conn.Close()
 
 	ctl.mu.Lock()
+	defer ctl.mu.Unlock()
+
 	close(ctl.workConnCh)
 	for workConn := range ctl.workConnCh {
 		workConn.Close()
 	}
-	proxies := ctl.proxies
-	ctl.proxies = make(map[string]proxy.Proxy)
-	ctl.mu.Unlock()
 
-	for _, pxy := range proxies {
+	for _, pxy := range ctl.proxies {
-		ctl.closeProxy(pxy)
+		pxy.Close()
+		ctl.sessionCtx.PxyManager.Del(pxy.GetName())
+		metrics.Server.CloseProxy(pxy.GetName(), pxy.GetConfigurer().GetBaseConfig().Type)
+
+		notifyContent := &plugin.CloseProxyContent{
+			User: plugin.UserInfo{
+				User:  ctl.sessionCtx.LoginMsg.User,
+				Metas: ctl.sessionCtx.LoginMsg.Metas,
+				RunID: ctl.sessionCtx.LoginMsg.RunID,
+			},
+			CloseProxy: msg.CloseProxy{
+				ProxyName: pxy.GetName(),
+			},
+		}
+		go func() {
+			_ = ctl.sessionCtx.PluginManager.CloseProxy(notifyContent)
+		}()
 	}
 
 	metrics.Server.CloseClient()
@@ -369,7 +363,11 @@ func (ctl *Control) handleNewProxy(m msg.Message) {
 	inMsg := m.(*msg.NewProxy)
 
 	content := &plugin.NewProxyContent{
-		User:     ctl.loginUserInfo(),
+		User: plugin.UserInfo{
+			User:  ctl.sessionCtx.LoginMsg.User,
+			Metas: ctl.sessionCtx.LoginMsg.Metas,
+			RunID: ctl.sessionCtx.LoginMsg.RunID,
+		},
 		NewProxy: *inMsg,
 	}
 	var remoteAddr string
@@ -404,7 +402,11 @@ func (ctl *Control) handlePing(m msg.Message) {
 	inMsg := m.(*msg.Ping)
 
 	content := &plugin.PingContent{
-		User: ctl.loginUserInfo(),
+		User: plugin.UserInfo{
+			User:  ctl.sessionCtx.LoginMsg.User,
+			Metas: ctl.sessionCtx.LoginMsg.Metas,
+			RunID: ctl.sessionCtx.LoginMsg.RunID,
+		},
 		Ping: *inMsg,
 	}
 	retContent, err := ctl.sessionCtx.PluginManager.Ping(content)
@@ -534,9 +536,25 @@ func (ctl *Control) CloseProxy(closeMsg *msg.CloseProxy) (err error) {
 	if ctl.sessionCtx.ServerCfg.MaxPortsPerClient > 0 {
 		ctl.portsUsedNum -= pxy.GetUsedPortsNum()
 	}
+	pxy.Close()
+	ctl.sessionCtx.PxyManager.Del(pxy.GetName())
 	delete(ctl.proxies, closeMsg.ProxyName)
 	ctl.mu.Unlock()
 
-	ctl.closeProxy(pxy)
+	metrics.Server.CloseProxy(pxy.GetName(), pxy.GetConfigurer().GetBaseConfig().Type)
+
+	notifyContent := &plugin.CloseProxyContent{
+		User: plugin.UserInfo{
+			User:  ctl.sessionCtx.LoginMsg.User,
+			Metas: ctl.sessionCtx.LoginMsg.Metas,
+			RunID: ctl.sessionCtx.LoginMsg.RunID,
+		},
+		CloseProxy: msg.CloseProxy{
+			ProxyName: pxy.GetName(),
+		},
+	}
+	go func() {
+		_ = ctl.sessionCtx.PluginManager.CloseProxy(notifyContent)
+	}()
 	return
 }

server/proxy/http.go

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 func init() {
-	RegisterProxyFactory(reflect.TypeFor[*v1.HTTPProxyConfig](), NewHTTPProxy)
+	RegisterProxyFactory(reflect.TypeOf(&v1.HTTPProxyConfig{}), NewHTTPProxy)
 }
 
 type HTTPProxy struct {

server/proxy/https.go

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 func init() {
-	RegisterProxyFactory(reflect.TypeFor[*v1.HTTPSProxyConfig](), NewHTTPSProxy)
+	RegisterProxyFactory(reflect.TypeOf(&v1.HTTPSProxyConfig{}), NewHTTPSProxy)
 }
 
 type HTTPSProxy struct {

server/proxy/stcp.go

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 func init() {
-	RegisterProxyFactory(reflect.TypeFor[*v1.STCPProxyConfig](), NewSTCPProxy)
+	RegisterProxyFactory(reflect.TypeOf(&v1.STCPProxyConfig{}), NewSTCPProxy)
 }
 
 type STCPProxy struct {

server/proxy/sudp.go

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 func init() {
-	RegisterProxyFactory(reflect.TypeFor[*v1.SUDPProxyConfig](), NewSUDPProxy)
+	RegisterProxyFactory(reflect.TypeOf(&v1.SUDPProxyConfig{}), NewSUDPProxy)
 }
 
 type SUDPProxy struct {

server/proxy/tcp.go

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 func init() {
-	RegisterProxyFactory(reflect.TypeFor[*v1.TCPProxyConfig](), NewTCPProxy)
+	RegisterProxyFactory(reflect.TypeOf(&v1.TCPProxyConfig{}), NewTCPProxy)
 }
 
 type TCPProxy struct {

server/proxy/tcpmux.go

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 func init() {
-	RegisterProxyFactory(reflect.TypeFor[*v1.TCPMuxProxyConfig](), NewTCPMuxProxy)
+	RegisterProxyFactory(reflect.TypeOf(&v1.TCPMuxProxyConfig{}), NewTCPMuxProxy)
 }
 
 type TCPMuxProxy struct {

server/proxy/udp.go

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 func init() {
-	RegisterProxyFactory(reflect.TypeFor[*v1.UDPProxyConfig](), NewUDPProxy)
+	RegisterProxyFactory(reflect.TypeOf(&v1.UDPProxyConfig{}), NewUDPProxy)
 }
 
 type UDPProxy struct {

server/proxy/xtcp.go

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 func init() {
-	RegisterProxyFactory(reflect.TypeFor[*v1.XTCPProxyConfig](), NewXTCPProxy)
+	RegisterProxyFactory(reflect.TypeOf(&v1.XTCPProxyConfig{}), NewXTCPProxy)
 }
 
 type XTCPProxy struct {

server/service.go

@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ func NewService(cfg *v1.ServerConfig) (*Service, error) {
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("create vhost tcpMuxer error, %v", err)
 		}
-		log.Infof("tcpmux httpconnect multiplexer listen on %s, passthrough: %v", address, cfg.TCPMuxPassthrough)
+		log.Infof("tcpmux httpconnect multiplexer listen on %s, passthough: %v", address, cfg.TCPMuxPassthrough)
 	}
 
 	// Init all plugins

test/e2e/framework/process.go

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ package framework
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"maps"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"time"
@@ -21,7 +20,9 @@ func (f *Framework) RunProcesses(serverTemplates []string, clientTemplates []str
 	ExpectNoError(err)
 	ExpectTrue(len(templates) > 0)
 
-	maps.Copy(f.usedPorts, ports)
+	for name, port := range ports {
+		f.usedPorts[name] = port
+	}
 
 	currentServerProcesses := make([]*process.Process, 0, len(serverTemplates))
 	for i := range serverTemplates {

test/e2e/legacy/basic/basic.go

@@ -26,8 +26,7 @@ var _ = ginkgo.Describe("[Feature: Basic]", func() {
 			proxyType := t
 			ginkgo.It(fmt.Sprintf("Expose a %s echo server", strings.ToUpper(proxyType)), func() {
 				serverConf := consts.LegacyDefaultServerConfig
-				var clientConf strings.Builder
+				clientConf := consts.LegacyDefaultClientConfig
-				clientConf.WriteString(consts.LegacyDefaultClientConfig)
 
 				localPortName := ""
 				protocol := "tcp"
@@ -79,10 +78,10 @@ var _ = ginkgo.Describe("[Feature: Basic]", func() {
 
 				// build all client config
 				for _, test := range tests {
-					clientConf.WriteString(getProxyConf(test.proxyName, test.portName, test.extraConfig) + "\n")
+					clientConf += getProxyConf(test.proxyName, test.portName, test.extraConfig) + "\n"
 				}
 				// run frps and frpc
-				f.RunProcesses([]string{serverConf}, []string{clientConf.String()})
+				f.RunProcesses([]string{serverConf}, []string{clientConf})
 
 				for _, test := range tests {
 					framework.NewRequestExpect(f).
@@ -103,8 +102,7 @@ var _ = ginkgo.Describe("[Feature: Basic]", func() {
 			vhost_http_port = %d
 			`, vhostHTTPPort)
 
-			var clientConf strings.Builder
+			clientConf := consts.LegacyDefaultClientConfig
-			clientConf.WriteString(consts.LegacyDefaultClientConfig)
 
 			getProxyConf := func(proxyName string, customDomains string, extra string) string {
 				return fmt.Sprintf(`
@@ -149,13 +147,13 @@ var _ = ginkgo.Describe("[Feature: Basic]", func() {
 				if tests[i].customDomains == "" {
 					tests[i].customDomains = test.proxyName + ".example.com"
 				}
-				clientConf.WriteString(getProxyConf(test.proxyName, tests[i].customDomains, test.extraConfig) + "\n")
+				clientConf += getProxyConf(test.proxyName, tests[i].customDomains, test.extraConfig) + "\n"
 			}
 			// run frps and frpc
-			f.RunProcesses([]string{serverConf}, []string{clientConf.String()})
+			f.RunProcesses([]string{serverConf}, []string{clientConf})
 
 			for _, test := range tests {
-				for domain := range strings.SplitSeq(test.customDomains, ",") {
+				for _, domain := range strings.Split(test.customDomains, ",") {
 					domain = strings.TrimSpace(domain)
 					framework.NewRequestExpect(f).
 						Explain(test.proxyName + "-" + domain).
@@ -187,8 +185,7 @@ var _ = ginkgo.Describe("[Feature: Basic]", func() {
 			`, vhostHTTPSPort)
 
 			localPort := f.AllocPort()
-			var clientConf strings.Builder
+			clientConf := consts.LegacyDefaultClientConfig
-			clientConf.WriteString(consts.LegacyDefaultClientConfig)
 			getProxyConf := func(proxyName string, customDomains string, extra string) string {
 				return fmt.Sprintf(`
 				[%s]
@@ -232,10 +229,10 @@ var _ = ginkgo.Describe("[Feature: Basic]", func() {
 				if tests[i].customDomains == "" {
 					tests[i].customDomains = test.proxyName + ".example.com"
 				}
-				clientConf.WriteString(getProxyConf(test.proxyName, tests[i].customDomains, test.extraConfig) + "\n")
+				clientConf += getProxyConf(test.proxyName, tests[i].customDomains, test.extraConfig) + "\n"
 			}
 			// run frps and frpc
-			f.RunProcesses([]string{serverConf}, []string{clientConf.String()})
+			f.RunProcesses([]string{serverConf}, []string{clientConf})
 
 			tlsConfig, err := transport.NewServerTLSConfig("", "", "")
 			framework.ExpectNoError(err)
@@ -247,7 +244,7 @@ var _ = ginkgo.Describe("[Feature: Basic]", func() {
 			f.RunServer("", localServer)
 
 			for _, test := range tests {
-				for domain := range strings.SplitSeq(test.customDomains, ",") {
+				for _, domain := range strings.Split(test.customDomains, ",") {
 					domain = strings.TrimSpace(domain)
 					framework.NewRequestExpect(f).
 						Explain(test.proxyName + "-" + domain).
@@ -285,12 +282,9 @@ var _ = ginkgo.Describe("[Feature: Basic]", func() {
 			proxyType := t
 			ginkgo.It(fmt.Sprintf("Expose echo server with %s", strings.ToUpper(proxyType)), func() {
 				serverConf := consts.LegacyDefaultServerConfig
-				var clientServerConf strings.Builder
+				clientServerConf := consts.LegacyDefaultClientConfig + "\nuser = user1"
-				clientServerConf.WriteString(consts.LegacyDefaultClientConfig + "\nuser = user1")
+				clientVisitorConf := consts.LegacyDefaultClientConfig + "\nuser = user1"
-				var clientVisitorConf strings.Builder
+				clientUser2VisitorConf := consts.LegacyDefaultClientConfig + "\nuser = user2"
-				clientVisitorConf.WriteString(consts.LegacyDefaultClientConfig + "\nuser = user1")
-				var clientUser2VisitorConf strings.Builder
-				clientUser2VisitorConf.WriteString(consts.LegacyDefaultClientConfig + "\nuser = user2")
 
 				localPortName := ""
 				protocol := "tcp"
@@ -406,20 +400,20 @@ var _ = ginkgo.Describe("[Feature: Basic]", func() {
 
 				// build all client config
 				for _, test := range tests {
-					clientServerConf.WriteString(getProxyServerConf(test.proxyName, test.commonExtraConfig+"\n"+test.proxyExtraConfig) + "\n")
+					clientServerConf += getProxyServerConf(test.proxyName, test.commonExtraConfig+"\n"+test.proxyExtraConfig) + "\n"
 				}
 				for _, test := range tests {
 					config := getProxyVisitorConf(
 						test.proxyName, test.bindPortName, test.visitorSK, test.commonExtraConfig+"\n"+test.visitorExtraConfig,
 					) + "\n"
 					if test.deployUser2Client {
-						clientUser2VisitorConf.WriteString(config)
+						clientUser2VisitorConf += config
 					} else {
-						clientVisitorConf.WriteString(config)
+						clientVisitorConf += config
 					}
 				}
 				// run frps and frpc
-				f.RunProcesses([]string{serverConf}, []string{clientServerConf.String(), clientVisitorConf.String(), clientUser2VisitorConf.String()})
+				f.RunProcesses([]string{serverConf}, []string{clientServerConf, clientVisitorConf, clientUser2VisitorConf})
 
 				for _, test := range tests {
 					timeout := time.Second
@@ -446,8 +440,7 @@ var _ = ginkgo.Describe("[Feature: Basic]", func() {
 	ginkgo.Describe("TCPMUX", func() {
 		ginkgo.It("Type tcpmux", func() {
 			serverConf := consts.LegacyDefaultServerConfig
-			var clientConf strings.Builder
+			clientConf := consts.LegacyDefaultClientConfig
-			clientConf.WriteString(consts.LegacyDefaultClientConfig)
 
 			tcpmuxHTTPConnectPortName := port.GenName("TCPMUX")
 			serverConf += fmt.Sprintf(`
@@ -490,14 +483,14 @@ var _ = ginkgo.Describe("[Feature: Basic]", func() {
 
 			// build all client config
 			for _, test := range tests {
-				clientConf.WriteString(getProxyConf(test.proxyName, test.extraConfig) + "\n")
+				clientConf += getProxyConf(test.proxyName, test.extraConfig) + "\n"
 
 				localServer := streamserver.New(streamserver.TCP, streamserver.WithBindPort(f.AllocPort()), streamserver.WithRespContent([]byte(test.proxyName)))
 				f.RunServer(port.GenName(test.proxyName), localServer)
 			}
 
 			// run frps and frpc
-			f.RunProcesses([]string{serverConf}, []string{clientConf.String()})
+			f.RunProcesses([]string{serverConf}, []string{clientConf})
 
 			// Request without HTTP connect should get error
 			framework.NewRequestExpect(f).

test/e2e/legacy/basic/server.go

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ var _ = ginkgo.Describe("[Feature: Server Manager]", func() {
 		tcpPortName := port.GenName("TCP", port.WithRangePorts(10000, 11000))
 		udpPortName := port.GenName("UDP", port.WithRangePorts(12000, 13000))
 		clientConf += fmt.Sprintf(`
-			[tcp-allowed-in-range]
+			[tcp-allowded-in-range]
 			type = tcp
 			local_port = {{ .%s }}
 			remote_port = {{ .%s }}

test/e2e/legacy/features/group.go

@@ -48,10 +48,12 @@ var _ = ginkgo.Describe("[Feature: Group]", func() {
 					return true
 				})
 		}
-		for range 10 {
+		for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
-			wait.Go(func() {
+			wait.Add(1)
+			go func() {
+				defer wait.Done()
 				expectFn()
-			})
+			}()
 		}
 
 		wait.Wait()
@@ -92,7 +94,7 @@ var _ = ginkgo.Describe("[Feature: Group]", func() {
 
 			fooCount := 0
 			barCount := 0
-			for i := range 10 {
+			for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
 				framework.NewRequestExpect(f).Explain("times " + strconv.Itoa(i)).Port(remotePort).Ensure(func(resp *request.Response) bool {
 					switch string(resp.Content) {
 					case "foo":
@@ -148,7 +150,7 @@ var _ = ginkgo.Describe("[Feature: Group]", func() {
 
 			// check foo and bar is ok
 			results := []string{}
-			for range 10 {
+			for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
 				framework.NewRequestExpect(f).Port(remotePort).Ensure(validateFooBarResponse, func(resp *request.Response) bool {
 					results = append(results, string(resp.Content))
 					return true
@@ -159,7 +161,7 @@ var _ = ginkgo.Describe("[Feature: Group]", func() {
 			// close bar server, check foo is ok
 			barServer.Close()
 			time.Sleep(2 * time.Second)
-			for range 10 {
+			for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
 				framework.NewRequestExpect(f).Port(remotePort).ExpectResp([]byte("foo")).Ensure()
 			}
 
@@ -167,7 +169,7 @@ var _ = ginkgo.Describe("[Feature: Group]", func() {
 			f.RunServer("", barServer)
 			time.Sleep(2 * time.Second)
 			results = []string{}
-			for range 10 {
+			for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
 				framework.NewRequestExpect(f).Port(remotePort).Ensure(validateFooBarResponse, func(resp *request.Response) bool {
 					results = append(results, string(resp.Content))
 					return true

test/e2e/legacy/plugin/client.go

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import (
 	"crypto/tls"
 	"fmt"
 	"strconv"
-	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/onsi/ginkgo/v2"
 
@@ -23,8 +22,7 @@ var _ = ginkgo.Describe("[Feature: Client-Plugins]", func() {
 	ginkgo.Describe("UnixDomainSocket", func() {
 		ginkgo.It("Expose a unix domain socket echo server", func() {
 			serverConf := consts.LegacyDefaultServerConfig
-			var clientConf strings.Builder
+			clientConf := consts.LegacyDefaultClientConfig
-			clientConf.WriteString(consts.LegacyDefaultClientConfig)
 
 			getProxyConf := func(proxyName string, portName string, extra string) string {
 				return fmt.Sprintf(`
@@ -67,10 +65,10 @@ var _ = ginkgo.Describe("[Feature: Client-Plugins]", func() {
 
 			// build all client config
 			for _, test := range tests {
-				clientConf.WriteString(getProxyConf(test.proxyName, test.portName, test.extraConfig) + "\n")
+				clientConf += getProxyConf(test.proxyName, test.portName, test.extraConfig) + "\n"
 			}
 			// run frps and frpc
-			f.RunProcesses([]string{serverConf}, []string{clientConf.String()})
+			f.RunProcesses([]string{serverConf}, []string{clientConf})
 
 			for _, test := range tests {
 				framework.NewRequestExpect(f).Port(f.PortByName(test.portName)).Ensure()

test/e2e/pkg/port/port.go

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ func (pa *Allocator) GetByName(portName string) int {
 	pa.mu.Lock()
 	defer pa.mu.Unlock()
 
-	for range 20 {
+	for i := 0; i < 20; i++ {
 		port := pa.getByRange(builder.rangePortFrom, builder.rangePortTo)
 		if port == 0 {
 			return 0

test/e2e/pkg/ssh/client.go

@@ -75,11 +75,11 @@ func (c *TunnelClient) serveListener() {
 		if err != nil {
 			return
 		}
-		go c.handleConn(conn)
+		go c.hanldeConn(conn)
 	}
 }
 
-func (c *TunnelClient) handleConn(conn net.Conn) {
+func (c *TunnelClient) hanldeConn(conn net.Conn) {
 	defer conn.Close()
 	local, err := net.Dial("tcp", c.localAddr)
 	if err != nil {

test/e2e/v1/basic/basic.go

@@ -26,8 +26,7 @@ var _ = ginkgo.Describe("[Feature: Basic]", func() {
 			proxyType := t
 			ginkgo.It(fmt.Sprintf("Expose a %s echo server", strings.ToUpper(proxyType)), func() {
 				serverConf := consts.DefaultServerConfig
-				var clientConf strings.Builder
+				clientConf := consts.DefaultClientConfig
-				clientConf.WriteString(consts.DefaultClientConfig)
 
 				localPortName := ""
 				protocol := "tcp"
@@ -80,10 +79,10 @@ var _ = ginkgo.Describe("[Feature: Basic]", func() {
 
 				// build all client config
 				for _, test := range tests {
-					clientConf.WriteString(getProxyConf(test.proxyName, test.portName, test.extraConfig) + "\n")
+					clientConf += getProxyConf(test.proxyName, test.portName, test.extraConfig) + "\n"
 				}
 				// run frps and frpc
-				f.RunProcesses([]string{serverConf}, []string{clientConf.String()})
+				f.RunProcesses([]string{serverConf}, []string{clientConf})
 
 				for _, test := range tests {
 					framework.NewRequestExpect(f).
@@ -104,8 +103,7 @@ var _ = ginkgo.Describe("[Feature: Basic]", func() {
 			vhostHTTPPort = %d
 			`, vhostHTTPPort)
 
-			var clientConf strings.Builder
+			clientConf := consts.DefaultClientConfig
-			clientConf.WriteString(consts.DefaultClientConfig)
 
 			getProxyConf := func(proxyName string, customDomains string, extra string) string {
 				return fmt.Sprintf(`
@@ -151,13 +149,13 @@ var _ = ginkgo.Describe("[Feature: Basic]", func() {
 				if tests[i].customDomains == "" {
 					tests[i].customDomains = fmt.Sprintf(`["%s"]`, test.proxyName+".example.com")
 				}
-				clientConf.WriteString(getProxyConf(test.proxyName, tests[i].customDomains, test.extraConfig) + "\n")
+				clientConf += getProxyConf(test.proxyName, tests[i].customDomains, test.extraConfig) + "\n"
 			}
 			// run frps and frpc
-			f.RunProcesses([]string{serverConf}, []string{clientConf.String()})
+			f.RunProcesses([]string{serverConf}, []string{clientConf})
 
 			for _, test := range tests {
-				for domain := range strings.SplitSeq(test.customDomains, ",") {
+				for _, domain := range strings.Split(test.customDomains, ",") {
 					domain = strings.TrimSpace(domain)
 					domain = strings.TrimLeft(domain, "[\"")
 					domain = strings.TrimRight(domain, "]\"")
@@ -191,8 +189,7 @@ var _ = ginkgo.Describe("[Feature: Basic]", func() {
 			`, vhostHTTPSPort)
 
 			localPort := f.AllocPort()
-			var clientConf strings.Builder
+			clientConf := consts.DefaultClientConfig
-			clientConf.WriteString(consts.DefaultClientConfig)
 			getProxyConf := func(proxyName string, customDomains string, extra string) string {
 				return fmt.Sprintf(`
 				[[proxies]]
@@ -237,10 +234,10 @@ var _ = ginkgo.Describe("[Feature: Basic]", func() {
 				if tests[i].customDomains == "" {
 					tests[i].customDomains = fmt.Sprintf(`["%s"]`, test.proxyName+".example.com")
 				}
-				clientConf.WriteString(getProxyConf(test.proxyName, tests[i].customDomains, test.extraConfig) + "\n")
+				clientConf += getProxyConf(test.proxyName, tests[i].customDomains, test.extraConfig) + "\n"
 			}
 			// run frps and frpc
-			f.RunProcesses([]string{serverConf}, []string{clientConf.String()})
+			f.RunProcesses([]string{serverConf}, []string{clientConf})
 
 			tlsConfig, err := transport.NewServerTLSConfig("", "", "")
 			framework.ExpectNoError(err)
@@ -252,7 +249,7 @@ var _ = ginkgo.Describe("[Feature: Basic]", func() {
 			f.RunServer("", localServer)
 
 			for _, test := range tests {
-				for domain := range strings.SplitSeq(test.customDomains, ",") {
+				for _, domain := range strings.Split(test.customDomains, ",") {
 					domain = strings.TrimSpace(domain)
 					domain = strings.TrimLeft(domain, "[\"")
 					domain = strings.TrimRight(domain, "]\"")
@@ -292,12 +289,9 @@ var _ = ginkgo.Describe("[Feature: Basic]", func() {
 			proxyType := t
 			ginkgo.It(fmt.Sprintf("Expose echo server with %s", strings.ToUpper(proxyType)), func() {
 				serverConf := consts.DefaultServerConfig
-				var clientServerConf strings.Builder
+				clientServerConf := consts.DefaultClientConfig + "\nuser = \"user1\""
-				clientServerConf.WriteString(consts.DefaultClientConfig + "\nuser = \"user1\"")
+				clientVisitorConf := consts.DefaultClientConfig + "\nuser = \"user1\""
-				var clientVisitorConf strings.Builder
+				clientUser2VisitorConf := consts.DefaultClientConfig + "\nuser = \"user2\""
-				clientVisitorConf.WriteString(consts.DefaultClientConfig + "\nuser = \"user1\"")
-				var clientUser2VisitorConf strings.Builder
-				clientUser2VisitorConf.WriteString(consts.DefaultClientConfig + "\nuser = \"user2\"")
 
 				localPortName := ""
 				protocol := "tcp"
@@ -413,20 +407,20 @@ var _ = ginkgo.Describe("[Feature: Basic]", func() {
 
 				// build all client config
 				for _, test := range tests {
-					clientServerConf.WriteString(getProxyServerConf(test.proxyName, test.commonExtraConfig+"\n"+test.proxyExtraConfig) + "\n")
+					clientServerConf += getProxyServerConf(test.proxyName, test.commonExtraConfig+"\n"+test.proxyExtraConfig) + "\n"
 				}
 				for _, test := range tests {
 					config := getProxyVisitorConf(
 						test.proxyName, test.bindPortName, test.visitorSK, test.commonExtraConfig+"\n"+test.visitorExtraConfig,
 					) + "\n"
 					if test.deployUser2Client {
-						clientUser2VisitorConf.WriteString(config)
+						clientUser2VisitorConf += config
 					} else {
-						clientVisitorConf.WriteString(config)
+						clientVisitorConf += config
 					}
 				}
 				// run frps and frpc
-				f.RunProcesses([]string{serverConf}, []string{clientServerConf.String(), clientVisitorConf.String(), clientUser2VisitorConf.String()})
+				f.RunProcesses([]string{serverConf}, []string{clientServerConf, clientVisitorConf, clientUser2VisitorConf})
 
 				for _, test := range tests {
 					timeout := time.Second
@@ -453,8 +447,7 @@ var _ = ginkgo.Describe("[Feature: Basic]", func() {
 	ginkgo.Describe("TCPMUX", func() {
 		ginkgo.It("Type tcpmux", func() {
 			serverConf := consts.DefaultServerConfig
-			var clientConf strings.Builder
+			clientConf := consts.DefaultClientConfig
-			clientConf.WriteString(consts.DefaultClientConfig)
 
 			tcpmuxHTTPConnectPortName := port.GenName("TCPMUX")
 			serverConf += fmt.Sprintf(`
@@ -498,14 +491,14 @@ var _ = ginkgo.Describe("[Feature: Basic]", func() {
 
 			// build all client config
 			for _, test := range tests {
-				clientConf.WriteString(getProxyConf(test.proxyName, test.extraConfig) + "\n")
+				clientConf += getProxyConf(test.proxyName, test.extraConfig) + "\n"
 
 				localServer := streamserver.New(streamserver.TCP, streamserver.WithBindPort(f.AllocPort()), streamserver.WithRespContent([]byte(test.proxyName)))
 				f.RunServer(port.GenName(test.proxyName), localServer)
 			}
 
 			// run frps and frpc
-			f.RunProcesses([]string{serverConf}, []string{clientConf.String()})
+			f.RunProcesses([]string{serverConf}, []string{clientConf})
 
 			// Request without HTTP connect should get error
 			framework.NewRequestExpect(f).

test/e2e/v1/basic/server.go

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ var _ = ginkgo.Describe("[Feature: Server Manager]", func() {
 		udpPortName := port.GenName("UDP", port.WithRangePorts(12000, 13000))
 		clientConf += fmt.Sprintf(`
 			[[proxies]]
-			name = "tcp-allowed-in-range"
+			name = "tcp-allowded-in-range"
 			type = "tcp"
 			localPort = {{ .%s }}
 			remotePort = {{ .%s }}

test/e2e/v1/features/group.go

@@ -50,10 +50,12 @@ var _ = ginkgo.Describe("[Feature: Group]", func() {
 					return true
 				})
 		}
-		for range 10 {
+		for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
-			wait.Go(func() {
+			wait.Add(1)
+			go func() {
+				defer wait.Done()
 				expectFn()
-			})
+			}()
 		}
 
 		wait.Wait()
@@ -96,7 +98,7 @@ var _ = ginkgo.Describe("[Feature: Group]", func() {
 
 			fooCount := 0
 			barCount := 0
-			for i := range 10 {
+			for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
 				framework.NewRequestExpect(f).Explain("times " + strconv.Itoa(i)).Port(remotePort).Ensure(func(resp *request.Response) bool {
 					switch string(resp.Content) {
 					case "foo":
@@ -161,7 +163,7 @@ var _ = ginkgo.Describe("[Feature: Group]", func() {
 
 			fooCount := 0
 			barCount := 0
-			for i := range 10 {
+			for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
 				framework.NewRequestExpect(f).
 					Explain("times " + strconv.Itoa(i)).
 					Port(vhostHTTPSPort).
@@ -228,7 +230,7 @@ var _ = ginkgo.Describe("[Feature: Group]", func() {
 
 			// check foo and bar is ok
 			results := []string{}
-			for range 10 {
+			for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
 				framework.NewRequestExpect(f).Port(remotePort).Ensure(validateFooBarResponse, func(resp *request.Response) bool {
 					results = append(results, string(resp.Content))
 					return true
@@ -239,7 +241,7 @@ var _ = ginkgo.Describe("[Feature: Group]", func() {
 			// close bar server, check foo is ok
 			barServer.Close()
 			time.Sleep(2 * time.Second)
-			for range 10 {
+			for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
 				framework.NewRequestExpect(f).Port(remotePort).ExpectResp([]byte("foo")).Ensure()
 			}
 
@@ -247,7 +249,7 @@ var _ = ginkgo.Describe("[Feature: Group]", func() {
 			f.RunServer("", barServer)
 			time.Sleep(2 * time.Second)
 			results = []string{}
-			for range 10 {
+			for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
 				framework.NewRequestExpect(f).Port(remotePort).Ensure(validateFooBarResponse, func(resp *request.Response) bool {
 					results = append(results, string(resp.Content))
 					return true

test/e2e/v1/plugin/client.go

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"strconv"
-	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/onsi/ginkgo/v2"
 
@@ -24,8 +23,7 @@ var _ = ginkgo.Describe("[Feature: Client-Plugins]", func() {
 	ginkgo.Describe("UnixDomainSocket", func() {
 		ginkgo.It("Expose a unix domain socket echo server", func() {
 			serverConf := consts.DefaultServerConfig
-			var clientConf strings.Builder
+			clientConf := consts.DefaultClientConfig
-			clientConf.WriteString(consts.DefaultClientConfig)
 
 			getProxyConf := func(proxyName string, portName string, extra string) string {
 				return fmt.Sprintf(`
@@ -71,10 +69,10 @@ var _ = ginkgo.Describe("[Feature: Client-Plugins]", func() {
 
 			// build all client config
 			for _, test := range tests {
-				clientConf.WriteString(getProxyConf(test.proxyName, test.portName, test.extraConfig) + "\n")
+				clientConf += getProxyConf(test.proxyName, test.portName, test.extraConfig) + "\n"
 			}
 			// run frps and frpc
-			f.RunProcesses([]string{serverConf}, []string{clientConf.String()})
+			f.RunProcesses([]string{serverConf}, []string{clientConf})
 
 			for _, test := range tests {
 				framework.NewRequestExpect(f).Port(f.PortByName(test.portName)).Ensure()